Liste des Marqueurs de Relation en Anglais
Relationship markers, also known as discourse markers, are words or phrases that connect ideas in a sentence or across sentences. They help create logical flow and coherence in writing or speaking. Here’s a bilingual guide (English/French) to understanding and using relationship markers effectively.
1. Categories of Relationship Markers / Catégories des Marqueurs de Relation
Relationship markers are typically grouped based on the type of relationship they indicate. Below is a comprehensive list organized by category with English and French explanations and examples.
a) Addition / Addition
Markers used to add information or expand on an idea.
Marqueurs utilisés pour ajouter des informations ou développer une idée.
| English Marker | French Translation | Example / Exemple |
|---|---|---|
| Also | Aussi | He enjoys reading. Also, he loves painting. Il aime lire. Aussi, il adore peindre. |
| And | Et | She bought a dress and a pair of shoes. Elle a acheté une robe et une paire de chaussures. |
| Furthermore | De plus | The project is innovative. Furthermore, it is cost-effective. Le projet est innovant. De plus, il est rentable. |
| Moreover | En outre | She is qualified. Moreover, she has extensive experience. Elle est qualifiée. En outre, elle a une grande expérience. |
| In addition | En plus / En outre | The team needs funding. In addition, they require resources. L’équipe a besoin de financement. En outre, elle nécessite des ressources. |
b) Contrast / Opposition
Markers that highlight differences or contradictions between ideas.
Marqueurs qui mettent en évidence des différences ou des contradictions entre des idées.
| English Marker | French Translation | Example / Exemple |
|---|---|---|
| But | Mais | He tried hard, but he failed. Il a beaucoup essayé, mais il a échoué. |
| However | Cependant | The idea is promising. However, it lacks feasibility. L’idée est prometteuse. Cependant, elle manque de faisabilité. |
| On the other hand | D’un autre côté | The product is affordable. On the other hand, it is low quality. Le produit est abordable. D’un autre côté, il est de mauvaise qualité. |
| Yet | Pourtant / Cependant | She is talented, yet she lacks confidence. Elle est talentueuse, pourtant elle manque de confiance. |
| Nevertheless | Néanmoins | It was raining. Nevertheless, they played the game. Il pleuvait. Néanmoins, ils ont joué. |
c) Cause and Effect / Cause et Conséquence
Markers that show a cause-and-effect relationship.
Marqueurs qui montrent une relation de cause à effet.
| English Marker | French Translation | Example / Exemple |
|---|---|---|
| Because | Parce que | She stayed home because she was sick. Elle est restée chez elle parce qu’elle était malade. |
| Therefore | Par conséquent | The experiment failed. Therefore, we need to revise the hypothesis. L’expérience a échoué. Par conséquent, nous devons réviser l’hypothèse. |
| Thus | Ainsi | He forgot to set an alarm. Thus, he missed the meeting. Il a oublié de mettre un réveil. Ainsi, il a manqué la réunion. |
| Consequently | Par conséquent | He neglected his duties. Consequently, he was dismissed. Il a négligé ses devoirs. Par conséquent, il a été renvoyé. |
d) Comparison / Comparaison
Markers that indicate similarity or compare ideas.
Marqueurs qui indiquent une similarité ou comparent des idées.
| English Marker | French Translation | Example / Exemple |
|---|---|---|
| Similarly | De même | The first argument is flawed. Similarly, the second is weak. Le premier argument est erroné. De même, le deuxième est faible. |
| Likewise | De même | She loves hiking. Likewise, her brother enjoys outdoor activities. Elle aime la randonnée. De même, son frère apprécie les activités en plein air. |
| Just as | Tout comme | Just as he was finishing, the bell rang. Tout comme il finissait, la cloche a sonné. |
e) Exemplification / Illustration
Markers used to provide examples.
Marqueurs utilisés pour donner des exemples.
| English Marker | French Translation | Example / Exemple |
|---|---|---|
| For example | Par exemple | Many fruits are healthy. For example, bananas are rich in potassium. Beaucoup de fruits sont sains. Par exemple, les bananes sont riches en potassium. |
| For instance | Par exemple | There are many benefits. For instance, it improves concentration. Il y a de nombreux avantages. Par exemple, cela améliore la concentration. |
| Such as | Tels que / Comme | He enjoys outdoor activities such as hiking and cycling. Il aime les activités de plein air telles que la randonnée et le vélo. |
f) Summary or Conclusion / Résumé ou Conclusion
Markers used to summarize or conclude ideas.
Marqueurs utilisés pour résumer ou conclure des idées.
| English Marker | French Translation | Example / Exemple |
|---|---|---|
| In summary | En résumé | In summary, the project was successful despite the challenges. En résumé, le projet a réussi malgré les défis. |
| To conclude | Pour conclure | To conclude, we must focus on innovation. Pour conclure, nous devons nous concentrer sur l’innovation. |
| In short | En bref | The presentation was long. In short, it was effective. La présentation était longue. En bref, elle a été efficace. |
2. Tips for Effective Use / Conseils pour un Usage Efficace
- Match the marker to the relationship / Adaptez le marqueur à la relation
Use markers that align with the logical connection between ideas.
Utilisez des marqueurs qui correspondent à la logique entre les idées. - Avoid redundancy / Évitez les répétitions
Avoid using too many markers in one sentence or paragraph.
Évitez d’utiliser trop de marqueurs dans une même phrase ou un même paragraphe. - Adapt to the tone / Adaptez au ton
Some markers (e.g., thus) are formal, while others (e.g., and) are conversational.
Certains marqueurs (ainsi) sont formels, d’autres (et) sont plus conversationnels.
Voici une liste élargie et plus détaillée des marqueurs relationnels en anglais par catégorie, avec des couleurs attribuées pour chaque catégorie. Les marqueurs supplémentaires permettent de mieux couvrir diverses nuances et utilisations.
1. Addition (Ajout) 🟦 (Bleu)
- Moreover
- Furthermore
- Additionally
- In addition
- Also
- Not only… but also
- Besides
- What’s more
- Plus
2. Cause and Effect (Cause et Effet) 🟨 (Jaune)
- Therefore
- Thus
- As a result
- Consequently
- Because
- Since
- Due to
- Owing to
- For this reason
- As such
- Hence
3. Comparison and Contrast (Comparaison et Contraste) 🟧 (Orange)
- Similarly
- Likewise
- In the same way
- On the other hand
- However
- Nevertheless
- Nonetheless
- Whereas
- While
- In contrast
- Yet
- Conversely
- Although
- Even though
4. Time (Temps) 🟩 (Vert)
- Meanwhile
- Subsequently
- Thereafter
- After
- Before
- At the same time
- Simultaneously
- In the meantime
- Earlier
- Later
- Then
- Once
- When
- While
5. Emphasis (Accentuation) 🟥 (Rouge)
- Indeed
- In fact
- Certainly
- Of course
- Without a doubt
- Clearly
- Obviously
- Undoubtedly
- Most importantly
- Above all
- Definitely
6. Example (Exemple) 🟪 (Violet)
- For example
- For instance
- Such as
- To illustrate
- Namely
- In particular
- Specifically
- As an example
- Including
7. Conclusion (Conclusion) ⚫ (Noir)
- In conclusion
- To sum up
- To summarize
- Ultimately
- Finally
- All in all
- In summary
- In short
- On the whole
- To conclude
8. Condition (Condition) 🟫 (Marron)
- If
- Unless
- Provided that
- As long as
- On condition that
- Even if
- Only if
- Assuming that
- In case
- Otherwise
9. Clarification (Clarification) 🟨 (Doré)
- In other words
- That is to say
- Namely
- Put differently
- To clarify
- In simpler terms
- That is
10. Contrast within Similarity (Nuance dans un contraste) 🟦 (Bleu ciel)
- On the one hand… on the other hand
- While it is true that
- Even so
- Still
- Though
- Albeit
Voici une version élargie de la liste avec des exemples concrets pour chaque catégorie. Chaque exemple montre comment les marqueurs relationnels peuvent être utilisés dans des phrases réelles.
1. Addition (Ajout) 🟦 (Bleu)
- Marqueurs : Moreover, Furthermore, Additionally, In addition, Also
- Exemples :
- “The project was successful. Moreover, it was completed ahead of schedule.”
- “We need to improve our marketing strategy. Additionally, we should focus on customer retention.”
- “She is an excellent writer. In addition, she has great organizational skills.”
2. Cause and Effect (Cause et Effet) 🟨 (Jaune)
- Marqueurs : Therefore, Thus, As a result, Consequently, Because
- Exemples :
- “He didn’t study for the exam; therefore, he failed.”
- “The company experienced a significant loss. As a result, they had to lay off some employees.”
- “Because it was raining, the game was postponed.”
3. Comparison and Contrast (Comparaison et Contraste) 🟧 (Orange)
- Marqueurs : Similarly, On the other hand, However, In contrast, Yet
- Exemples :
- “The first candidate was well-prepared. Similarly, the second candidate showed great potential.”
- “He loves classical music. On the other hand, his brother prefers jazz.”
- “The weather forecast predicted rain. However, it turned out to be sunny.”
4. Time (Temps) 🟩 (Vert)
- Marqueurs : Meanwhile, Subsequently, After, Before, At the same time
- Exemples :
- “She was cooking dinner. Meanwhile, her kids were playing outside.”
- “He graduated in 2015. Subsequently, he joined a leading tech company.”
- “Before we start the meeting, let’s review the agenda.”
5. Emphasis (Accentuation) 🟥 (Rouge)
- Marqueurs : Indeed, Certainly, Of course, Clearly, Undoubtedly
- Exemples :
- “Indeed, the results exceeded all our expectations.”
- “This is, without a doubt, the best solution to the problem.”
- “Clearly, we need to take immediate action to resolve this issue.”
6. Example (Exemple) 🟪 (Violet)
- Marqueurs : For example, For instance, Such as, To illustrate
- Exemples :
- “Many factors affect climate change. For example, deforestation contributes significantly.”
- “There are many animals in this region, such as bears, wolves, and deer.”
- “To illustrate, let’s consider the case of a small business expanding into international markets.”
7. Conclusion (Conclusion) ⚫ (Noir)
- Marqueurs : In conclusion, To sum up, Ultimately, Finally
- Exemples :
- “In conclusion, the data shows a clear trend towards renewable energy adoption.”
- “To sum up, we need to focus on customer engagement to drive sales.”
- “Ultimately, the decision lies with the board of directors.”
8. Condition (Condition) 🟫 (Marron)
- Marqueurs : If, Unless, Provided that, As long as
- Exemples :
- “If we invest in training, employee productivity will increase.”
- “Unless we act now, the problem will worsen.”
- “The agreement will be valid provided that all parties sign it.”
9. Clarification (Clarification) 🟨 (Doré)
- Marqueurs : In other words, That is, To clarify, Namely
- Exemples :
- “In other words, the project was a success despite initial challenges.”
- “We need to focus on three key areas, namely, customer service, innovation, and cost reduction.”
- “To clarify, the deadline for the report is next Monday.”
10. Contrast within Similarity (Nuance dans un Contraste) 🟦 (Bleu ciel)
- Marqueurs : On the one hand… on the other hand, Even so, Still
- Exemples :
- “On the one hand, the policy is cost-effective. On the other hand, it may affect employee satisfaction.”
- “The team made several mistakes. Even so, they managed to win the match.”
- “It was a challenging task. Still, she handled it with professionalism.”
Voici une version élargie de la liste avec des exemples concrets pour chaque catégorie. Chaque exemple montre comment les marqueurs relationnels peuvent être utilisés dans des phrases réelles.
1. Addition (Ajout) 🟦 (Bleu)
- Marqueurs : Moreover, Furthermore, Additionally, In addition, Also
- Exemples :
- “The project was successful. Moreover, it was completed ahead of schedule.”
- “We need to improve our marketing strategy. Additionally, we should focus on customer retention.”
- “She is an excellent writer. In addition, she has great organizational skills.”
2. Cause and Effect (Cause et Effet) 🟨 (Jaune)
- Marqueurs : Therefore, Thus, As a result, Consequently, Because
- Exemples :
- “He didn’t study for the exam; therefore, he failed.”
- “The company experienced a significant loss. As a result, they had to lay off some employees.”
- “Because it was raining, the game was postponed.”
3. Comparison and Contrast (Comparaison et Contraste) 🟧 (Orange)
- Marqueurs : Similarly, On the other hand, However, In contrast, Yet
- Exemples :
- “The first candidate was well-prepared. Similarly, the second candidate showed great potential.”
- “He loves classical music. On the other hand, his brother prefers jazz.”
- “The weather forecast predicted rain. However, it turned out to be sunny.”
4. Time (Temps) 🟩 (Vert)
- Marqueurs : Meanwhile, Subsequently, After, Before, At the same time
- Exemples :
- “She was cooking dinner. Meanwhile, her kids were playing outside.”
- “He graduated in 2015. Subsequently, he joined a leading tech company.”
- “Before we start the meeting, let’s review the agenda.”
5. Emphasis (Accentuation) 🟥 (Rouge)
- Marqueurs : Indeed, Certainly, Of course, Clearly, Undoubtedly
- Exemples :
- “Indeed, the results exceeded all our expectations.”
- “This is, without a doubt, the best solution to the problem.”
- “Clearly, we need to take immediate action to resolve this issue.”
6. Example (Exemple) 🟪 (Violet)
- Marqueurs : For example, For instance, Such as, To illustrate
- Exemples :
- “Many factors affect climate change. For example, deforestation contributes significantly.”
- “There are many animals in this region, such as bears, wolves, and deer.”
- “To illustrate, let’s consider the case of a small business expanding into international markets.”
7. Conclusion (Conclusion) ⚫ (Noir)
- Marqueurs : In conclusion, To sum up, Ultimately, Finally
- Exemples :
- “In conclusion, the data shows a clear trend towards renewable energy adoption.”
- “To sum up, we need to focus on customer engagement to drive sales.”
- “Ultimately, the decision lies with the board of directors.”
8. Condition (Condition) 🟫 (Marron)
- Marqueurs : If, Unless, Provided that, As long as
- Exemples :
- “If we invest in training, employee productivity will increase.”
- “Unless we act now, the problem will worsen.”
- “The agreement will be valid provided that all parties sign it.”
9. Clarification (Clarification) 🟨 (Doré)
- Marqueurs : In other words, That is, To clarify, Namely
- Exemples :
- “In other words, the project was a success despite initial challenges.”
- “We need to focus on three key areas, namely, customer service, innovation, and cost reduction.”
- “To clarify, the deadline for the report is next Monday.”
10. Contrast within Similarity (Nuance dans un Contraste) 🟦 (Bleu ciel)
- Marqueurs : On the one hand… on the other hand, Even so, Still
- Exemples :
- “On the one hand, the policy is cost-effective. On the other hand, it may affect employee satisfaction.”
- “The team made several mistakes. Even so, they managed to win the match.”
- “It was a challenging task. Still, she handled it with professionalism.”
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